EASA, DGCA Exam Module 08 All Book Mixed Questions Made By AviAtor SuNiL BhaBar
This Pdf is made for the preparation of EASA DGCA Module 08 (Aerodynamics). It contains EASA Module 08 Book and Mechanic of Flight Book questions, old DGCA question papers, and self-made questions. This Pdf covers important topics such as Principles of Flight, Lift, Drag, Thrust, Stability, and Control Surfaces. To prepare, read the Pdf carefully and understand each topic. Focus on aerodynamic principles and their practical applications. Make your own notes and revise difficult topics regularly. Assess your progress with mock tests. Practice graphs, charts, and equations, and focus on time management.
AviAtor SuNiL BhaBar Module 08 Set 1to10 Pdf.
Aerodynamics Basics in aviation By AviAor SuNiL BhaBar
Basics Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics in aviation refers to how air interacts with moving objects, especially aircraft. This science is fundamental to understanding flight and involves four major forces: lift, weight (gravity), thrust and drag. Here is a detailed explanation:
Main Principles of Aerodynamic
1. Bernoulli's Principle
• It states that as the velocity of the fluid (air) increases, its pressure decreases. This principle explains how wings generate lift.
• The shape of the airfoil causes air to move faster over the top surface than over the bottom surface, reducing the pressure above and creating an upward force (lift).
2. Newton's 3rd Law of Motion
For any action or every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. In aviation, when air is deflected downward by wings, an equal upward force (lift) is produced.
The Four Forces of Flight
1. Lift
• Generated by wings due to their shape (airfoil).
• Weight the aircraft must overcome to climb.
• Influenced by factors such as wing area, shape, angle of attack, and airspeed.
2. Weight (gravity)
• Downward force due to gravity.
• Opposes lift; influenced by the aircraft's mass.
3. Thrust
It is a Forward force generated by the engine or propeller.
• Overcomes drag and moves the aircraft forward.
• Higher thrust leads to increased speed and lift.
4. Drag
It is a Backward force opposing motion through the air. It a Two types.
• Parasite drag: caused by the aircraft's shape and surface (form drag, skin friction).
• Induced drag: related to lift production, increases at low speeds.
Important Aerodynamic Concepts
1. Airfoil Design
• Leading Edge: Leading edge of the wing.
• Trailing Edge: Trailing edge of the wing.
• Chord Line: An Straight line from leading edge to trailing edge of airfoil.
• Camber: Curvature of the airfoil; affects lift generation.
2. Angle of Attack (AoA)
• The angle between the chord line of an airfoil and the relative air flow.
• Important for lift but can cause a stall if too high.
3. Stall
• This occurs when the Angle of Attack exceeds a critical value, causing a loss of lift.
• Recovery involves reducing the AoA and increasing the airflow over the wing.
4. Boundary Layer
• A thin layer of air near the surface of an aircraft.
• Smooth (laminar) flow vs. turbulent flow affects drag.
5. Wingtip vortices
• The difference in pressure causes a spiral of air to form at the tips of the wings.
• Contributes to induced drag; managed via winglets.
Aircraft Axes
1. Lateral Axis: Runs from wingtip to wingtip; controls pitch movement (Pitching Moment - nose up/down).
2. Longitudinal Axis: Runs from nose to tail; controls roll movement (Rolling Moment - wing up/down).
3. Vertical Axis: Runs vertically through the aircraft; controls yaw movement (Yawing movement - nose left/right).
Types of aircraft stability
1. Static stability
It is a Initial response of the aircraft to a disturbance. (it has three types)
1. Positive: Returns to equilibrium.
2. Neutral: Remains in new position.
3. Negative: Continues deflection.
1.1. Static stability on Aircraft Body
1. Lateral Stability: Stability around the longitudinal axis, preventing roll disturbances by dihedral wings, wing sweep, and a high wing configuration.
2. Longitudinal Stability: Stability around the lateral axis, maintaining pitch equilibrium by the horizontal stabilizer.
3. Directional (Vertical) Stability: Stability around the vertical axis, controlling yaw disturbances by the vertical stabilizer (fin and rudder)
2. Dynamic stability
• Refers to the long-term response over time after a disturbance.
• Determines the oscillatory behavior and whether the aircraft returns to its original state. (It has three types)
Positive: Oscillations decrease over time, returning to equilibrium.
Neutral: Oscillations remain constant over time without damping.
Negative: Oscillations increase over time, moving further from equilibrium.
Flight control surfaces
1. Aileron
• Controls roll (lateral movement).
• Located on the trailing edge of the wings.
2. Elevator
• Controls pitch (up and down movement).
• Located on the tailplane (horizontal stabilizer).
3. Rudder
• Controls yaw (left or right movement).
• Located on the vertical stabilizer.
4. Flaps
• Flaps are Increase lift and drag during aircraft takeoff and aircraft landing.
• Located on the wing trailing edge.
Supersonic and Hypersonic Aerodynamics
1. Supersonic Flight (Mach 1-5)
• Faces shock waves and compressibility effects.
• Requires special aerodynamic designs (e.g., delta wing).
2. Hypersonic Flight (Mach 5+)
• Intense aerodynamic heating.
• Unique challenges in materials and design for heat resistance.
This comprehensive understanding of aerodynamics is essential for pilots, engineers, and aviation professionals, ensuring safe and efficient flight operations.
