EASA, DGCA Exam Module 04 All Book Mixed Questions Made By AviAtor SuNiL BhaBar
This Pdf is designed for the preparation of EASA DGCA Module 04 (Electronic Fundamental). It contains old DGCA question papers and self-made questions along with important topics from EASA Module 04 Book, V.K. Mehta, and Pallett Book. Read the Pdf carefully and understand each topic for preparation. Focus on topics like Diodes, Transistors, Logic Gates, Oscillators, Digital Circuits, and Semiconductors. Understand all circuit functions and diagrams thoroughly. Practice daily, make notes and practice time management by taking mock tests. Revise all formulas and concepts regularly.
Key Point Definitions in Electron Fundamental By AviAtor SuNiL BhaBar
Digital Signal
A signal represented in discrete values (0s and 1s), used in digital circuits for communication and processing.
• Bit: The smallest unit of data in a digital system, representing a binary value of 0 or 1.
• Byte: A group of 8 bits, commonly used to represent a character or a small amount of data.
• Binary Code: A system of representing data using only 0s and 1s, fundamental to digital systems.
• BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal): A coding system where each decimal digit is represented by a four-bit binary number
• Binary Addition: The process of adding two binary numbers, following rules similar to decimal addition but using 0s and 1s.
• Half Adder: A digital circuit that performs the addition of two single binary digits, producing a sum and a carry output.
• Full Adder: A circuit that adds three binary digits (including carry), producing a sum and carry output.
Logic Gates
A fundamental building block in digital circuits that performs basic logical operations like AND, OR, and NOT.
• AND Gate: Outputs 1 only if all inputs are 1; otherwise, outputs 0, representing logical multiplication.
• OR Gate: Outputs 1 if any input is 1; otherwise, outputs 0, representing logical addition.
• NOT Gate (Inverter): A gate that inverts (vice versa) the input signal; if input is 1, the output is 0, and vice versa.
• NAND Gate: Outputs the opposite of an AND gate; it outputs 0 only if all inputs are 1.
• NOR Gate: Gives the opposite output of an OR gate; it gives a 1 output only when all inputs are greater than 0.
• XOR Gate: If an odd number of inputs are 1 then the output will be 1; otherwise the output will be 0.
• Truth Table: A table showing all possible input combinations and their corresponding output for a digital circuit.
• Boolean Algebra: A mathematical framework used to analyze and simplify digital logic circuits.
Circuits
• Flip-Flop: A bistable circuit that can store one bit of data, used in memory and registers.
• Latch: A circuit similar to a flip-flop but controlled differently, storing data temporarily.
• Register: A group of flip-flops used to store multiple bits of data, commonly used in CPUs and memory systems.
• Shift Register: A series of flip-flops used to shift data bits in or out serially, often used in data storage and transfer.
• Multiplexer (MUX): It is data selector device that selects multi input signals and give single output.
• Demultiplexer (DEMUX): It is a data distributor device that selects single input signal and give multi outputs.
• Decoder: Converts binary input into a specific output line activation, used in memory address selection.
• Encoder: Converts multiple input lines into a binary-coded output, often used in data compression.
• ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): Converts analog signals into digital data, essential for processing real-world signals in digital systems.
• DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter): Converts digital signals into analog form, used in audio and video applications.
• Sampling: The process of converting a continuous analog signal into a series of discrete digital values.
Diodes
It is a two terminal device which allows current to flow freely in one direction, but restricts it in the opposite direction.
Forward Bias
• PN Junction Diode: basic diode with a single PN junction, allowing current to flow in one direction (forward bias) while blocking it in the opposite direction (reverse bias).
• Schottky Diode: A diode with a metal-semiconductor junction, offering low forward voltage drop and fast switching.
• Light Emitting Diode (LED): A diode that emits light when forward-biased, converting electrical energy into light energy.
• Tunnel Diode: A diode with negative resistance due to quantum tunneling, enabling very fast operation.
• Laser Diode: Emits coherent light when forward-biased, often used in optical communication.
Reverse Bais
• Zener Diode: A diode designed to allow current to flow in the reverse direction when a specific breakdown voltage is reached (Zener voltage).
• Photodiode: A diode that generates current when exposed to light (reverse-biased operation).
• Avalanche Diode: Operates using avalanche breakdown, allowing controlled current flow under high reverse voltage.
• Varactor Diode (Varicap): A diode whose capacitance varies with the applied reverse voltage.
Fwd-Bwd Bias
PIN Diode: A diode with an intrinsic (undoped) layer between the P and N regions, used for high-frequency and photonic applications.
Integrated Circuit (IC)
An integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on a single small semiconductor chip, performing functions such as amplification, logic operations, or signal processing.
• Analog ICs: An electronic ckt that Process continuous analog signals whose are expressed in binary form (0 or 1) (e.g., amplifiers, voltage regulators).
• Digital ICs: An electric ckt that Operate with discrete signals whose value changes over time (e.g., microprocessors, memory chips).
• Mixed-Signal ICs: Combine analog and digital functions (e.g., ADCs, DACs).
